Before Mao,
after Mao
Şaban Recai
Öztürk 3.12.2016
sabanreco@gmail.com
October 1,
1949, Beijing ...
Mao and
Communists who won the civil war proclaim the People's Republic of China...
Chiang Kai Shek and the Nationalists flee to Formosa Island (Taiwan) and the
National Government of the Republic of China is established.
I'm trying
to look at China, which started to become a world power and to shape the 21st
century...
Going into
the period starting 3,500 years ago according to the written history extends
the subject very much. But we should look briefly at the dynasties in the First
Age, because they have some aspects offering an insight into present...
1500 BC
when the writing, a system of graphic marks was invented, 1300 BC when silk was
produced for the first time, 1200 BC when horse-drawn carriages were used in
wars, cover a well-organized period of the Shang Dynasty.
Eight-hundred-year
Zhou Dynasty lasted from 1022 BC to 221 BC follows this period. Use of coins,
iron as weapons and tools, invention of kite, crossbow, umbrella and compass, drinking
tea first time, the cavalry replacement for horse carriages in the war, the use
of great infantry troops, publication of General Sun Tzu's book (the field
manual) ‘The Art of War’, Construction of the first part of great wall of
China, construction of irrigation systems, appointment of consultants to kings,
the emergence of Confucius, the moral systemiser, who advised the revival of
old traditions to the deteriorating society and polytheistic Taoism religion
seeking the unidentified power behind nature come across this period.
I remember
between 600 BC and 500 BC: A century of chained theological and geopolitical
revolution in the civilized world of time... In the East, Zoroastrian, Buddha,
Tao, Confucius, in the West, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Pythagoras and many
philosophical currents appeared.
I do not
skip 209 BC: Enthrone of Hun Emperor Mete Khan, the establishment of the first
regular army on earth with a chain of command of 10, 100, 1000 and 10 thousand
troops, accepted as the establishment date of the Turkish Armed Forces… These
are also important in Chinese history... Chinese Emperor organized his own army
in this way after defeated by Mete's small army against 320,000 troops Chinese
army...
In China,
many dynasties were struggling for power until 3rd century AD...
Tsin
dynasty (265- 316) united the disintegrating China and brought peace and
stability to the country (Edoirde Chavannes says that the Tsins were Turks). Hyung-nu
(Huns), one of the nations that used to be paid in the wars of the nobles
before, established a new state in 303, captured the Chinese Emperor twice and
began to dominate North China starting from 317. The Tsin dynasty then went
south (317-419).
Up to 618
various dynastic states in southern China took over the north of Vietnam and
Tibet. China's influence was felt again in Central Asia. The production of
match started.
I
remembered the Ottoman of 1913. Per capita income was one tenth of England,
there was no industry, 200 thousand liras was put into the budget of 1914 to
buy matches from Europe.
We come to
the Tang Dynasty era (618-907), when the world's most advanced civilization
developed…
There were
important events in this period: In 659, the Western Göktürk State passed to
the Chinese administration. In 744, the Uighur Empire was established in
Mongolia in place of the Göktürk Empire.
Lacquerware,
gunpowder, rocket, bomb, printing are inventions in this period...
Buddhism,
Islam, Zoroastrianism, Christian Nasturism were cultures taken from outside…
Then the
Uighur Turks got important positions in the Chinese state administration. The
Song Dynasty, which took over in 960, could not rebuild the Chinese Empire, but
made China the richest country in the world. Public Schools became widespread.
New Confucianism
rose as Buddhism fell...
Genghis
Khan occupied China between 1206-1227. In 1271, Kublai Khan declared his
empire, founded the Yuan Dynasty (1260-1368) and the capital city Yenching
(Beijing). Together with the Mongols, the Yuan Dynasty conquered all China.
The periods
when the Mongols captured Baghdad in 1258 and announced the end of the
500-year-old Abbasids…
Mongolians
adopted Chinese customs and traditions in religion, clothing and dressings
under the influence of Chinese culture, but they were not assimilated like the
previous Turkish tribes..
.
In the end,
civilization prevailed. During the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), the Mongols were
driven to the north of Lake Baikal...
We are in
an important turn. Europeans come to China...
Europeans
with high technology and superior weapons, different from barbaric, low
cultured and easily assimilated Turks and Mongolians who invaded China for
thousands of years....
Portuguese
first came in 1550 and founded Macao in 1557. The Spaniards after them.
I remember
that in 1454, Pope Nikolas V gave his missionary privilege in Africa and East
India to Portugal one hundred years ago. 40 years later, in 1493, after the
discovery of America by the Spaniards, Pope Alexander VI divided the world
between Portugal and Spain, there should not be a fight between them. Portugal
preserved its old concessions, the new world was given to Spain. The kings of
these countries were obliged to Christianize those under their rule. Missionary
expenses were covered by the states in question.
The
Germans and the British were not delayed. They reached China in the 17th
century.
In fact, in
the middle of 17th century, the welfare period of China was slowing. Like the
Ottomans…
Europeans
are now in Chinese history during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) of the Manchu
(Manchurian) origin after the Ming.
After
Renaissance, Reform, inventions, discoveries, could Westerners stay away from
the huge China?
The opening
of China, which was closed to the West for many years, started in the form of
commercial and political relations with Portugal, Spain, the UK, France,
Germany and the USA in the 1850s. On the other hand, in the 1800s, Napoleon
advised not to wake the sleeping dragon China. But the greedy, overly
passionate West did not listen to this warning.
Superpower the
British were everywhere...
Since the
British could not find silver coins, they brought Indian cottons and opium to
China and exchanged them with tea and silk. There were two major Opium Wars in
1839 and 1856 when the Chinese authorities banned opium import to prevent this.
Both wars were destruction for the defeated Chinese. The victorious British got
extensive rights, five Chinese ports were opened to the British, the Hong Kong
Island was left to the British. Missionaries were allowed to work freely
everywhere. With the 1858 agreement, the same rights were given to the USA,
Russia and France. After the Opium Wars, the British East India Company took
control of China between 1850-1900.
I
remembered the 1838 Ottoman-British Free Trade Agreement, the Baltalimanı
Agreement and its continuation...
But over
time, the implementation of agreements with Westerners failed. Although the
Chinese tried to expel foreigners from their countries, the riots were
suppressed by the Westerners. By the end of 19th century, China tried to apply
European technologies but failed, unlike the Japanese. The strong opposition of
Confucian clergy could not be prevented.
In 1894,
China and Japan sent troops to suppress the uprising in Korea. The uprising was
suppressed, but then the two countries fought each other. When the war ended in
1895 and China suffered a heavy defeat, the Europeans took advantage of it too.
China was divided into regions where each European country had separate rulers
and operated sea and railways. China was experiencing the most degrading period
in her history. She recognized the independence of Korea, also had to give
Formosa (Taiwan) Island to Japan.
Westerners
again suppressed the 1908 Boxer uprising in which missionaries were killed,
making conditions even more severe than before.
In 1901,
the empress accepted the inclusion of western topics in education, some
arrangements in the Armed Forces, the political alternation from the monarchy
to the constitutionalism in 1908, and reforms to the parliament and elections
in 1909. However, these arrangements did not satisfy anyone, and with a
revolution in 1911, the Qing Dynasty ended.
Namely, the
end of the 2,000-year-old Chinese dynasty...
Six years
before Russia, 11 years before the Ottoman...
I
remembered last years of the Ottoman Empire; Tanzimat reform era beginning in
1839, reforms in 1856, First Constitutional Monarchy in 1876, Second
Constitutional Monarchy in 1908 and the abolition of the reign in 1922...
Now I am
looking at the Republic of China, when the Nationalists came to the fore…
Is it
possible to compare this period with the Young Turks and the Union and Progress
Period in our history?
In the
beginning of 20th century, many Chinese intellectuals believed that the old
order had to be changed. Their leader Sun Yat-sen founded the Tongmen Hui
Revolutionary Union in 1905 with the principles of "nationalism, democracy
and socialism".
With the
revolution of 1911, the Manchu Qing dynasty ended and the Republic of China was
founded in 1912. General Yuan Shikai was elected President, Tongmen Hui Revolutionary
Union became a party, took the name Kuomintang and entered the parliament as
the biggest party.
However,
President (General) Yuan banned the Kuomintang at the end of 1913, closed the
assembly in 1914 and declared himself a dictator. Escaping to Canton, the
Kuomintang party continued the resistance.
When the
dictator Yuan died in 1916, in North China, the civil war (WARLORD Wars)
started, lasting for years and oppressing the people a lot more.
When China
symbolically entered the First World War, Japan invaded many cities, including
Shanghai.
Communists
were also mobilizing...
In 1921,
the Communist Party was founded under the leadership of Mao Zedong and began to
gather fans.
Namely, 4
years after the 1917 October Revolution in the Soviets...
In 1923,
The Soviet Union, founded after the fall of the Tsarist regime, gave up all her
rights over China. The Nationalist Kuomintang and the Communist Party united to
expel Japan.
I do not
forget that the Soviets established good relations with young Turkey of Atatürk
too...
When Sun
Yat-sen died in 1925, Chiang Kai-shek headed the nationalists. A national
government was established in Canton. He fought the Japanese and took back many
places, including Shanghai. While Chiang Kai Shek fought the Japanese, he was
also struggling to suppress the communist uprisings. In 1926 he dominated most
of China and defeated the warlords with the help of communists.
In 1927, by
strengthening Communist Party, Mao began to organize nationwide and clash with
government forces. Chiang Kai Shek, who thought that the communists became very
strong, broke the union and drove the communists out of Shanghai. The national
government was re-established in Nanking. The separatist peasants were
pressured. Chiang Kai Shek moved north to Beijing in 1928, uniting China
against local dictators, became the leader of the Republic of China. In the
same year, Mao formed the Chinese Red Army. In 1930, the Nationalist Party saw
that China was not ready for democracy and established a military dictatorship.
The communists
started guerrilla operations…
A year
later, the Japanese invaded Manchuria and established a puppet government.
Between
1931 and 1934, the Soviet Republic of China was established in the Jinggang
mountains, and Mao was elected president. In 1934, the Nationalist Party
encircled the communists, but Mao breached it and started the ‘Long March’, the
Chinese Red Army walked an average of 13,000 kilometers and had to fight with
the forces of Chiang Kai Shek, who followed their march. With the Long March
they were saved from being surrounded and destroyed and settled in a safer
area. But the communists, who were 90,000 people, dropped to 20,000 due to the
hunger, the winter and the deserters.
After the
Japanese invasion in 1936, communists and nationalists agreed to decide to
resist the Japanese and Chiang Kai Shek became Commander-in-Chief. But Chiang
Kai Shek and his Christian wife, who studied at the American school, were
criticized for being too Westernized.
In 1937,
Japan took over Beijing, Nanking and Shanghai, formed an interim government.
250,000 Chinese were massacred by the Japanese in the capital, Nanking.
In 1943,
the Westerners gave up all their privileges to prevent the nationalist
Kuomintang from making a separate peace with Japan.
World War
II ended in 1945, Japan was defeated. With the USA support, China invaded
Manchuria emptied by the Soviets. Communists and nationalists were left alone
together again. Communists under Mao dominated Manchuria. The USA and
nationalists took measures to prevent communists from dominating the entire
country.
According
to the October 1945 and January 1946 agreements, with the Kuomintang and the
Communist Coalition, a democratic government would be established in China but
it did not happen. Collapsing middle class, inflation and expectation of the
peasants to get their territory, the start of the cold war between the USA and
the Soviets complicated the continuation of the coalition. The communists
opposed the organization of the Kuomintang forces by the USA, and the
nationalists opposed the communists to spread land reform. In this struggle,
the USA openly supported nationalists, and the Soviets indirectly supported
communists.
In 1947,
the final stage of the civil war began between Mao and Chiang Kai Shek. In
1948, communists won the upper hand. Nationalists in northern China withdrew.
Chiang Kai
Shek was decisively defeated with the capture of Beijing and Nanking fiasco in
February 1949. Mao won the civil war. On October 1, 1949, Communists
established the current People's Republic of China in their capital Beijing. All
the territories of China on the Asian continent fell into the hands of the
People's Republic of China. Mao was elected the first president. Chiang Kai
Shek let the Kuomintang nationalists escape to Formosa Island (Taiwan) and the
Nationalist Republic of China was established.
Mao is
starting...
Empire and
nationalism became history; the era of communism was beginning. 32 years after
the Soviets…
In 1950,
women were given equal rights. Distribution of the lands of landlords that
started before 1949 to the villagers was completed in 1952. In 1953, the
peasants started to cooperate with the first Five-Year Plan. With the decision
of the People's Congress, a certain amount of land was allocated for the
peasants to cultivate. The private sector was tolerated initially but
nationalized over time. Heavy industry production doubled. Primary education
increased from 24 million to 64 million, secondary education from 1 million to
6 million, and higher education was tripled. Health reform was carried out.
I do not
forget China's attack on Korea in 1951 and her exclusion from the United
Nations...
‘Constructive
criticism’ was allowed in 1956, but in 1957, when the newspapers and posters
began to criticize the party, the administration, which saw the control go
away, ended this practice. While the US embargo and Mao's introverted politics
in the Cold War abstracted China from world trade, heavy military spending
restricted the use of economic value to prosperity. Mao's Great Move
(1958-1960), unlike the Soviet industrial model, could not industrialize the
huge agricultural country in a few years. Agricultural cooperatives were
communized but did not work. The production of steel communes did not exceed
poor quality. The drought in 1959-1962 also contributed to this failure and 15
million people died as a result of famine.
Seeing that
the Soviet Union deviated from its purpose in the Stalin era, Mao made a big
change in the bureaucratic cadres so that his country did not follow the same
path. During this period, all schools and universities were also radically
reorganized.
This is the
Cultural Revolution of Mao in China in 1966…
The
Cultural Revolution between 1966 and 1976 would change China completely, but it
did not happen. When Mao died in 1976, no economic progress was made, per capita
national income was only $126, annual expenditure per capita was $74, and
China's share in world trade was 0.4%.
I
remember that Taiwan was dismissed from the United Nations membership in 1971
and that the People's Republic of China was replaced.
The
developments after Mao are very important. It explains the situation today...
Mao was
infected with Parkinson's disease in the last years of his life, and his lungs
and heart also began to malfunction. While many factions in the Communist Party
were taking action to be in power after Mao's death, Mao remained silent. So,
after his death, Maoism began to be openly criticized.
I do not
forget that Khrushchev and others, who succeeded Stalin's death in 1953,
criticized him violently. When the dictator died, his followers were demasking
and the people were adapting this. The love of Atatürk today clearly reveals
how unfair those who call Mustafa Kemal Atatürk a dictator...
In the
struggle for power in 1976-1978; The Quadruple Gang, including Mao's wife,
advocated the continuation of the revolutionary mass mobilization policy while
other group advocated a Soviet model central planning. Deng Xiaoping, the
leader of the reformers, plead for the construction of the Chinese economy on
the basis of a utilitarian policy, and rejected the decisive importance of
ideology in economic and political developments. As a result, Deng won and the
struggle between moderates and radicals in the Chinese Communist Party ended up
with the victory of the moderates.
The ‘Second
Generation’ after Mao was beginning...
Under the
leadership of Deng, the economy was prioritized instead of ideology, and a
series of radical changes were initiated in agriculture, foreign economic
relations and public administration. Now, the purpose of life for the Chinese
was not to achieve equality, but to earn money. In 1978, 71% of the population
worked in the agricultural sector. Rural reforms were the main weapon for
fighting poverty in China. Industrial reform and rural reforms started with
autonomy in production planning and marketing for some businesses increased
welfare and demand for consumer goods. With the Four Modernization Programs
adopted by China in 1978; Agriculture, Industry, Science-Technology and Defense
areas were envisaged to reach contemporary conditions until 1985. The $600
billion program led China to find foreign capital. First, a $60 billion Trade
Agreement and Peace and Friendship Agreement were signed with Japan. Economic
cooperation was also made with the USA.
Economic
and political softening began. Chinese doors were opened to foreign capital;
the market economy began to be implemented.
Here and
after is important for both China and the world…
In the
1980s, the new slogan of the Chinese was ‘it's good to be rich’. The identity
that communists tried to create in China for 30 years started to be destroyed
by Deng and communism was blamed as the reason for the failures. In 1988, it
was decided to offer large labor capacity to countries trying to move from
labor-intensive industry to technology-intensive industry. China would attract
the labor-intensive manufacturing industry to its country, process cheaply
imported raw material with her large army of workers and export. A few years
after this decision, 80% of the Hong Kong manufacturing industry moved to South
China, and the foundations of the new export-oriented economy were established.
Some
negativities were reflected in political developments in China. The first
reaction took place in Tiananmen Square in 1989. Protesters came from different
groups. There were participation from intellectuals who thought that the
Chinese Communist Party government was in political degeneration and that it
has a repressive attitude, participation from workers and university socialists
students who thought that economic reforms had gone too far since 1978 and
inflation and unemployment increased. After the protesters challenged the
government's calls for dissolution, the Chinese Communist Party broke up on how
to take a stance against the protesters. Finally, the hawkish perspective was
accepted and it was decided to suppress the demonstrations rather than meeting
the demands. Tanks were used, hundreds of people were killed and injured.
In Russia,
Gorbachev was making significant breakthroughs. 'If the road to glasnost
(openness) and perestroika (reconstruction) is not followed, the Soviet regime
and Russia will not be able to survive,' he said.
Communism
was shaking violently...
1989 was an
important turning point for the Chinese Communist Party policies...
Deng
started to delegate his powers in 1990 due to the age limit. Until 1993, over
1800 private zones were created in the country, when practices such as foreign
investment freedom and tax reductions were successful in four free economic
zones created in the states close to Hong Kong and Taiwan.
In 1993,
Jiang Zemin came to power as the third generation manager.
In 1994,
instead of collecting all incomes of the enterprises at the center, tax items
such as value added tax, business tax, and income tax were defined and
businesses were given the right to use their profits. Some taxes transferred to
local governments directed these administrations to take independent steps
towards economic development.
In 1997,
thousands of small-scale Public Economic Enterprises were privatized. Hong Kong
was taken back from the UK.
250 million
people, living under the absolute poverty line 20 years ago, decreased to 42
million in 1998.
In 1999
Macau was taken back from Portugal.
The fact
that the People's Republic of China became a member of the World Trade
Organization at the request of westerners in 2001 brought China closer to the
outside world, many laws and regulations were standardized, customs duties were
greatly reduced and the reduction continues.
China's
state capitalism was unique. Stalinist strict political control was ongoing,
well known parliamentary democracy was far away. The massive and cheap labor supply
provided sustainable economic growth with the contribution of large investments
in the economic infrastructure.
Ten years
after the third generation, President Hu Jintao, elected in 2003, was the
fourth generation…
Thanks to
this generation, China warmed up. Economic reforms and international expansion
accelerated. New skyscrapers and business centers were built in major cities.
Central authority was tried to be protected. In short, China has gained a
"mixed" structure that applies the rules of communism and liberal
economy. State control over prices in the last 25 years was progressively
removed. The price of the 95% goods sold in China is determined by the market,
4% by the state, 1% can fluctuate in a certain band under state control.
In 2004,
provisions emphasizing the role of the private sector in economic activities
and preventing random seizure of private property were added to the
constitution. While China ranked third in the world trade list, foreign
investments from abroad reached $60 billion. Of the world's 500 largest
companies, 400 had investments in China, and the total foreign investment exceeded
$600 billion.
Regulations
preventing private companies from entering areas such as infrastructure, public
services and financial services were abandoned in 2005. Overtaking Rotterdam,
Shanghai became the largest port in the world in terms of annual cargo tonnage.
The share
of exports in the Chinese economy, which was largely based on global trade and
investment flow, increased from 9.1 percent in 1985 to 37.8 percent in 2008.
The foreign trade sector employs 80 million people and 35 percent of them
worked in foreign companies.
The Central
Bank of China maintained a reserve of 1 trillion 800 billion dollars in 2008 as
a guarantee fund of the American economy. This reserve was 'financial capital'
from the concepts of imperialism. The annual trade surplus of $91 billion from
exports to the United States was enormous.
So in a
sense, the USA was financing China's economic growth…
Gross domestic
product (GDP), which was $4.7 trillion in 2008, rose to $5.2 trillion in 2009,
$8.3 trillion in 2012, $9.6 trillion in 2013; while China became the second
largest economy in the world after 2010, Japan was falling to the third. China
grew around 10% annually until 2010. In the following years, this figure
decreased to the 7.5-7% band. The slowdown in the Chinese economy is now being
mentioned. But more than $3.1 trillion of foreign exchange reserves make China
a voice in the world.
The Chinese
economy has long been called the "locomotive of the global economy".
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) announced that this world's most populous
country, which grew by 10.5% per year until the 2008 global crisis, became a
larger economy than the United States in 2014. Realizing 13 percent of global
exports, she made a difference of $700 billion to its closest rival the USA.
China's purchasing power parity exceeded US national income by 1 percent in 2014
with $17.6 trillion. But it still lags behind the USA in terms of per capita
national income. The USA continues to lead the world with its gross domestic
product approaching $17 trillion. China is far behind the USA with its $10
trillion GDP.
The fact that
China has become the second largest economy in the world means that the
problems in the country are exported to the world, especially to other Asian
countries. There is a financial reform in China. His debts are entirely in his
own money. In a transformation from investment to consumption. The service
sector is growing rapidly.
Being a
permanent member of the Politburo since 2007, Xi Jinping was appointed Vice
President in 2008 and President in 2013. He is known as the ‘Prince’ because
his father was one of the people who organized the Chinese Revolution with Mao.
The 'Chinese Dream', the great awakening of the Chinese nation, was the
political discourse of the Xi Jinping period. The Strategic and Economic
Dialogue with the USA, which started at the time of Hu Jintao, continues. Xi
Jinping seems to have a strong cooperation with Vladimir Putin on the basis of
nationalism, in opposition to the interests of the West.
China is
the candidate of the world's largest economy in 2040. But her problems are also
growing: population growth, bribery, corruption, decreased trust in the
Communist Party, unemployment, environmental pollution...
I need to summarize…
China has a
five-thousand-year-old culture and civilization, and a two-thousand-year
Imperial tradition. Largest economy in the world until 18th century. So, it is
not the first time that China has emerged as the new (economic) superpower of
the world today...
The 37-year
period, the end of Chinese dynasty in 1912, adoption of the Republic as
nationalists were dominant, but the communists did not stop fighting. The
27-year Mao's Communism period from 1949 to Mao's death in 1976. The 38-year
reform period based on state capitalism and economic progress from 1978 to
2016,
I remember
Atatürk's 15-year period...
The
rebellion of the world economy in the 1970s on the burden and strict rules of
the state... Liberalism, free market and privatization came to the fore, even
defending the foreign trade deficit for the sake of free trade... The end of the
Cold War in favor of the West... In the growing world economy, China succeeded
in the economic miracle by choosing liberalism from the brutal practices of
capitalism economically, by using the features in her genes while maintaining
communism politically.
China
become also a superpower in energy, it is number one in world coal production,
second in world oil consumption after America, she come to the forefront in
natural gas, hydroelectricity, nuclear energy. She is on the USA's and Russia's
back in development of military power and space race...
This
development also affects the political and social structure of China, which has
1.3 billion people and about 56 minorities. Economic liberalism and development
are not parallel to political liberalism. The Chinese earn more, but the
conditions are difficult. The middle class also wants political powers.
Non-governmental organizations are starting to grow up. Polarization is
increasing, strikes and protests are multiplying. The practices of the Chinese
Communist (Capitalist) Party can reach the limits of the community's endurance.
In the next decade, vulnerabilities and contradictions can shake the system. In
the upcoming period, there may be a serious management problem in China. In
fact, the Chinese Communist Party understood that management with communist
ideology was not possible. There is a search for a new ideology. There is a
tendency towards a little Taoism, a little Buddhism, a little nationalism, that
is, a search for a middle way between communism and social democracy...
I should
also briefly look at foreign relations...
China
transformed the Shanghai Five she established in 1996 with Russia, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan into Shanghai Cooperation Organization with the
participation of Uzbekistan in 2001. North Korea is observer along with
Pakistan, India, Mongolia and Iran. It can be a market of more than half of the
world's population. It also tries to provide peace and stability in the region.
The United States is pursuing a policy that will balance Russia, China and
India's influence in the region. But in the long run, Asian tensions may be
experienced.
I should
also mention East Türkistan...
Since the
invasion in 1949, China has persecuted the Uighur Turks in East Turkestan,
which has the historical city of Kashgar, uranium, platinum, gold, silver,
coal, natural gas and oil resources. Its area doubles that of Turkey, 1,660,001
sq. km. The Chinese population has increased from 300 thousand to 6 million. The
Chinese named autonomous East Türkistan 'Xinjiang' which means 'acquired land,'
and defined it as its own territory. In 1982, 'Chinese-style socialism'
emerged, which took development first and ideology second, and some
improvements were made in East Türkistan policy, but did not last long.
Pressure in East Turkestan was increased on the excuse of 1989 Tiananmen
uprising. The Turkish population of up to 35 million is shown in Chinese
official sources 7.5 million. Nuclear tests are carried out in the Lop Nor
region of East Turkestan. Historical assimilation is still on the agenda. This
topic is long, can be studied separately...
I conclude
with Pakistani thinker Mohammed Iqbal: ‘When we try to take the values that the
West embraces and distinguishes itself from us, what we do is to take back the
property and heritage of our Muslim ancestors, the main owners of those values.
So we are not obliged to feel inferiority complex while taking the universal
values in the West. Those values are basically the values that our ancestors
produced and lost to the West. These values must be withdrawn from the West and
then used to destroy Western cruelty and hegemony.'
Let me go
to the questions ...
Can China
prove that the real owner of the values of civilization is the East?
Where did
China get civilization, science and culture? From an older civilization in the
Pacific Ocean? Are the Proto-Turks in the 3000s BC, Turkish-speaking Turani
tribes legends?
Didn't
civilization, science and culture walking from East to West take much from
Turkistan, then Iran, and finally from Anatolia and Andalusia?
Will China
be able to focus on art, science, philosophy, culture besides technology? Or
will she become aggressive and begin colonialism and expand her sphere of
influence as she grows stronger? How far can her cooperation with Russia on the
rise in recent years go?
When
political freedoms are increased in China, will internal struggles begin? Can
disintegration begin if the central authority loosens? Can those who were
assimilated want to return to their identities again? Can statism outweigh
again? Could it be possible a return to Mao?
Will Turkey
continue to threaten the EU and the United States with Shanghai Cooperation
Organization?
Can Turkey
and China establish closer cooperation?
Is a
Western-style democracy possible in China?
How do
relationships between developed, developing and underdeveloped people flourish in
China?
Where will
the old population increase in China evolved?
How will
China react if the USA engages in diplomatic relations with Taiwan?
Do Marx,
Engels, Lenin and Mao turn in their grave?
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